How Europe has weaned itself off Russian gas in the last three years

In 2021, Eastern European countries imported almost half of their gas from Russia. Only two countries in the region – Albania and Kosovo – were wholly independent of Russian gas.

In 2024, five additional countries went without importing any Russian gas (six if Transnistria is excluded from Moldova’s import data). Russia went from supplying an average of 80% of each Eastern European country’s gas to 37.6% in that period.

paper“By early 2025, most Eastern European countries had drastically reduced or entirely ended their reliance on Russian natural gas,” Maximilian Hess, the founder of the political risk consultancy Enmetena Advisory and a fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, said in afor Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. “Only Hungary, Serbia and Slovakia continue to import limited volumes via Turkey and the BalkanStream network.”

Diversification was achieved through increased LNG capacity, Norwegian and Azerbaijani supplies and expanded regional interconnectors.

“It is a remarkable transformation that in 2022 many thought impossible. It has happened in part thanks to the EU being able to source gas from other exporters, but mainly because of the development of European liquefied natural gas (LNG) import capacity in the region and its neighbours, in particular Turkey,” Hess adds.

Hess went on to make a country-by-country breakdown of natural gas and energy supplies in Eastern Europe, with a focus on dependence on Russia and recent efforts at diversification:

Albania and Kosovo

Austria

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bulgaria

Croatia

Czech Republic

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (Baltics)

Finland

Hungary

Moldova

North Macedonia

Poland

Romania

Serbia

Slovakia

Slovenia

Ukraine

N.Tebrizli